A Comparison Study On Engine Oil Properties For Bi-Fuel Motorcycle

All mechanical equipment must be lubricated in order to reduce friction and wear between the touching surfaces. For four-stroke motorcycle engine, the function of the engine oil play critical roles since the oil does not burn along with fuel in combustion chamber as two-stroke motorcycle engines. The oil will circulate around inside the engine and the quality of the oil will decreased time by time. In conjunction with that, the engine oil must be removed after certain running period or distance recommended by the engine manufactures. The use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel claimed to provide several benefits to engine components and effectively reduce maintenance requirements. It does not mix with or dilute the lubricating oil faster and will not cause deposits in combustion chambers as well as on spark plugs to the extend that the use of petrol does, thereby generally extending the engine oil, piston ring and spark plug. It is the intention of this paper to compare the effect of both physical and chemical properties of motorcycle engine oil used by MODENASS KRISS 110cc motorcycle engine after running 5000 km using natural gas and gasoline respectively

The use of natural gas as fuel for motorcycles

Utilization of motorcycle in Malaysia is really synonym especially for lower income group. Statistic for motor vehicles in Malaysia shown that nearly five million units or over the half are motorcycles. These are mostly small capacity, two or four stroke engine motorcycles. The use of low quality fuel to operate motorcycles causes a serious pollutant especially in densely populated areas. Besides, crude oil reserve in Malaysia is expected to finish within 19 years. Natural gas is now acknowledged by the world as being a mainstream alternative fuel. It has a high octane rating that is general indication of the ability of the fuel to burn more efficient and improving engine performance. Malaysia has massive, under exploited natural gas reserve. As such a study has been conducted by a group of researchers from Gas Technology Centre (GASTEG) to diversify the usage of natural gas especially as a fuel for internal combustion engine. The product of this research is a set of natural gas conversion kits and the first prototype of natural gas motorcycle. The exhaust emissions from natural gas motorcycle give complete combustion, which decrease 99.6% of carbon monoxide and 72.5% of unburned hydrocarbon at a speed of 70km/hr. However, the lower heat content of natural gas and the lower burning velocity as compared to gasoline reduces the engine maximum power for about 15% at high engine speed without any modification to the original engine. These parameters can be used as a guidance to the motorcycle industry how to utilise natural gas as a fuel, a new and a leading technology for the world that propelling Malaysia for the next millennium with clean city

Bi-fuel NGVM engine emission results based on non-loaded system operation

Alternative fuels for the internal combustion engines are introduced as an improved fuel over mainstream conventional fuels such as petrol and diesel. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is the most successful and widely used alternative fuels that helps mitigate emission problem caused by vehicles. Mainstream fuelled vehicles are fitted with a conversion kit to enable the operation with CNG, these converted vehicles are called Natural Gas Vehicles. A bi-fuel engine test rig was fabricated using a 1500cc 12 Valve engine fitted with a Landi Renzo conversion kit enabling operations on petrol and natural gas. This test rig was used to conduct experiments to obtain the fuel consumption and the corresponding exhaust emission quality. The results obtained were compared with the actual data of NGV taxi fitted with Tartarini conversion kit for validation purpose. The findings from this experimental rig are used as a comparison between the use of petrol and natural gas as fuel for vehicles. The results clearly prove that the use of natural gas provides improved exhaust emission at lower cos

Contribution of Nitrogen to Growth of Maize in Legume-maize Rotation on Limed Ultisols

Liming of soils and the use of legume residues in a crop rotation are considered good approaches to reduce the constraints of high aluminium and low native nitrogen affecting annual food crop production in Ultisols. Using this approach the values of nitrogen contributed to maize in three groundnut (L)-maize (M) sequences (LMLM, MLLM and LLLM) in an intensive rotational cropping system were estimated. The estimates were made by subtracting the total N-uptake by maize in the zero N-fertilized monocropping from the total N-uptake by maize under the respective legume-maize rotation. The results showed that it is possible to sustain an increased yield of groundnut and maize on limed Ultisols. In the groundnut-maize cropping system, the average N contribution was after one, two and three successive groundnut crops was 19, 33, and 56 kg N ha-1. The latter estimate is about one-third of the newly recommended total N requirement of maize, 159 kg N ha-1

Kamariah usaha membudayakan VLE

MARANG 15 Mei Ledakan teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi (ICT) mencetuskan gelombang perubahan kehidupan masa kini yang menuntut kepada penguasaannya termasuk dalam dunia pendidikan agar tidak ketinggalan

Improvement on work measurement at Pau Mira Frozen Food Industry

The record of highest sales for one day is 20000 buns and the manpower for Pau Mira factory is only 18 persons. Special feature for Pau Mira is about the full of stuffing and many choices of flavor. Hot selling bun flavor is red bean bun and chocolate bun. For example, Bun Mira contains many flavors such as red bean bun, coconut, yam, chocolate, chicken, durian and it is enables to be food supplies to West Malaysia, not only limited to area Pagoh. The workflow for Pau Mira factory includes ingredient selection, dough kneading, and bun formation, fermentation, steaming, cooling and packaging. Table 5.1 shows the process of making pau started from dough kneading until the packaging process

Sea turtle species of the Southeast Asian countries

Six of seven species of living sea turtles in the world were confirmed to nest or inhabit the Southeast Asian waters. These are leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), green turtle (Chelonia mydas), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and flatback turtle (Natator depressus); (Kamarruddin, 1993; Soehartono, 1993; Palma, 1993; Chantrapornyl, 1993; Sukarno et al., 1993; Chantrapornsyl, 1996 and Kamarruddin e t al., 1996). All these six species are commonly found in ASEAN waters except for the flatback which are found in eastern Indonesia. The flatbacks are known to nest in Australia but the foraging areas are in the Indonesian waters

The effect of business continuity management factors on organizational performance: A conceptual framework

This paper reviews the role played by business continuity management (BCM) factors in enhancing the organizational performance.The constructs of this paper are based on a comprehensive review of recent literature on BCM critical success factors, BCM standards and organizational performance.In this study, the organizational performance covers two specific areas of organizational results such as financial performance and non-financial performance.Financial performance which may encompass of revenue, profitability, cost saving, return on investment and other financial measures while the non financial performance may includes effectiveness, efficiency, quality, quality of work life, innovation and productivity. A detailed literature review revealed the importance of effective BCM implementation in ensuring an organization’s survivability and competitiveness. Therefore, the demand to protect the continuity of critical business services in the event of an unforeseen disaster or disruption has become more critical than ever.In Malaysia, among the widely adopted BCM related standards by both the private and public sectors are ISO 22301 and ISO 27001. These certified organizations are selected as the population of the study as they are deemed to possess considerably higher sense of commitment towards embracing BCM best practices to enhance their business resiliency.The international standard certification may also indicate the maturity of the organizations in practicing BCM.Previous study has proven that organizations with matured BCM processes had indicated substantial performance improvements.This paper also highlights the challenges encountered by the BCM professionals in developing and maintaining the BCM infrastructure and activities, which necessitate the support from the senior management.Among the challenges that may cause failure in BCM implementation are lack of financial support and the deployment of BCM initiatives on enterprise wide basis.In summary, this paper is expected to propose the conceptual framework for future researchers to investigate and provide the empirical evidence on the relationship that exist between the BCM factors and organizational performance

Action taken by SEAFDEC on sea turtle research and conservation activities (1992-2003)

The First SEAFDEC Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Conservation was held in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia from 15-18 January 1996. The workshop was attended by participants from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam and Japan. The objectives of this workshop were to provide a platform for sea turtle scientists from SEAFDEC member countries to present, discuss and update biological information on marine turtles in the region, beside enhancing the cooperation and collaboration in research and relevant activities among member countries to help protect and conserve sea turtles

Conservation and Enhancement of Sea Turtles in the Southeast Asian Region

Southeast Asian countries have accorded great concern to the conservation and enhancement of sea turtles , both from the environmental and marine biodiversity point of view. These countries produce six of the seven living sea turtle species found worldwide and renowned as some of the most productive in the world. All countries recognize the significance of the sea turtle population and their habitats existing in the waters of this region. The sea turtles are highly migratory species, where the seas of Southeast Asian countries form a contiguous body of water without any interval where the sea turtle migrate freely across national boundaries. Thus, all Southeast Asian countries realize that multi-lateral efforts are necessary to ensure long-term survival of the sea turtle in this region . It was this understanding that had led to the signing of Memorandum of the Understanding (MoU) on ASEAN Sea Turtle Conservation and Protection by ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry (AMAF) at their Nineteenth Meeting on 12 September 1997 in Bangkok. The MoU laid down the objectives and the mechanism of cooperation for the conservation , management and enhancement of sea turtles in this region